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Learned Helplessness
Learned helplessness is the belief that one cannot control outcomes through one´s own actions. It usually leads to passivity and reduced motivation. Can also cause depression.
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Cognition
Cognition is the psychologist´s word for thinking and all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering.
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Self-fulfilling prophecy is the notion that our expections elicit behaviors in others that confirm those expections. Without realizing it, we elicit behaviors that confirm what we expect.
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circadian rhythm
The circadian rhythm is your biological clock. It refers to internal biological changes that occur roughly on a 24 hour schedule. Changes include heart rate, temperature, waking, sleeping, and more.
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Alzheimer´s disease
A degenerative brain disease in which the brain deteriorates, resulting in the progressive loss of awareness and memory.
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Temperament
Temperament refers to a person´ characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. It is thought to be stable over time.
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Basic Research
Basic research is research that is conducted to increase the scientific knowledge base, for the sake of pure science.
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Delusions
Delusions are false beliefs that often accompany psychotic disorders. Common delusions are delusions of grandeur (that you´re an important political or social figure) or delusions of persecution (that someone or everyone is out to get you).
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Bystander Effect
The bystander effect is the tendency for a group of people to be less likely than an individual to provide assistance to a person in trouble.
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activation-synthesis hypothesis
The activation-synthesis hypothesis is a theoretical explanation of dreams. It suggests that dreams result from the brain´s attempts to explain the high levels of neural activity during REM sleep.
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Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of extreme sleepiness and weakness. It is thought that the naroleptic drifts directly into REM sleep unexpectedly and immediately, bypassing nonREM sleep.
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Achievement Motivation
Achievement motivation is the desire to master things, people, or ideas. It is the desire to accomplish, control, or attain a high standard
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Affiliation
Affiliation refers to the need to be with others and avoid being alone.
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Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain. It is convoluted, or wrinkled, to fit a large area (or a great many cells) into a small space.
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Intelligence quotient
Intelligence quotient is a score that indicates how an individual compares with others on an intelligence test.
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Attachment
Attachment is a bond between two people, usually parent and child. It is an intense and reciprocal relationship that occurs all throughout life.
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Tolerance
Tolerance is the diminishing effect of a drug with regular use over time. It requires the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug´s effect.
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Dream
A dream is a succession of visual images experienced during sleep. There are many theories on why we dream, among them are the activation-synthesis hypothesis, the psychoanalytic (or Freudian) perspective, and the cognitive perspective.
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Cormorbid or Comorbidity
Cormorbidity is the presence of two or more diagnosable disorders.
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Hallucinations
Hallucinations are sensory experiences that are not caused by stimulation of the relevant sensory organs. The most common form of hallucinations are auditory.
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Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, fluent but disorganized speech, and flat affect.
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attachment theory
Attachment theory typically refers to a theory of attachment formation by John Bowlby that views the infant´s attachment to the caregiver as an adaptive response that promotes survival. The security of the infant´s attachment is detemined by the quality of care they receive.
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Agoraphobia
Agoraphobia is an intense fear of open or public places. The avoidance of public places or situations in which escape may be difficult. Commonly occurs in individuals diagnosed with panic disorder.
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Zygote
A zygote is a fertilized egg. The egg is fertilized in the fallopian tubes and travels down to the uterus, where it is implanted into the uterine wall. All the while, it undergoes rapid cell division.
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ageism
prejudice and discrimination against an individual based on age
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Applied Research
Applied research is scientific research that aims to solve practical real-world problems.
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Case Study
A case study is an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth. It can be conducted to gain insight into a person´s behavior or to generate hypotheses about universal phenomena.
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Autonomy
Autonomy refers to a sense of self-governence, the sense of oneself as a seperate individual who can make one´s own decisions. Autonomy formation is a developmental task of adolescence.
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Individuation
A process of self-discovery and self-dvelopment, makred by increasing introspection and integration of the various aspects of self. Stems from Jung´s psychological theory.
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Superego
The superego is part of Freud´s theory of the psyche, or the mind. According to Freud, the superego is that part of the psyche that represents internalized ideals, morals, and standards for judgment (the conscience).
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Anal Stage
The anal stage is the second stage in Freud´s theory of Psychosexual development. During this stage, the focus of id pleasure is on the anus and conflict often occurs with toilet-training.
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Identity
Identity refers to a sense of self. Erik Erikson proposed that the task of adolescence is to form an identity, or to figure out who we are.
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Oral Stage
The oral stage is the first stage in Freud´s theory of psychoesexual development. During this stage Freud argued that the mouth becomes an erogenous zone whereby it becomes the focus of pleasure seeking activities. During this stage the id energy is focused on the mouth.
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Intelligence
Intelligence is the ability to excell at a variety of tasks, especially academic tasks.
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